Broadband Integrated Television Tuner

ABSTRACT

A broadband integrated television receiver for receiving a standard antenna or cable input and outputting an analog composite video signal and composite audio signal is disclosed. The receiver employs an up-conversion mixer and a down-conversion mixer in series to produce an IF signal. An IF filter between the mixers performs coarse channel selection. The down-conversion mixer may be an image rejection mixer to provide additional filtering. The received RF television signals are converted to a standard 45.75 MHz IF signal for processing on-chip by additional circuitry.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/486,706, filed Jul. 14, 2006, entitled “BROADBAND INTEGRATED TUNER,” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/572,393, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,079,195, issued Jul. 18, 2006, entitled “BROADBAND INTEGRATED TUNER,” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/904,908 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,964, issued Jan. 23, 2001, entitled “BROADBAND INTEGRATED TUNER,” assigned to a common assignee, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to television tuner circuits and more particularly to a broadband analog television tuner fabricated in a microcircuit device.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

One of the most significant costs in television manufacturing is the cost of the tuner. The typical cost of a television (TV) tuner is in the neighborhood of $15.00, which, relative to the cost of the entire television set, is very substantial. Part of the solution to reducing tuner cost is to reduce the number of components in the tuner.

Traditionally, tuners have been comprised of two basic components. The first component performs high frequency to intermediate frequency (RF to IF) conversion. Subsequently, the second component performs IF to baseband conversion. The TV tuner was originally designed for broadcast television reception within a television set, which is essentially a stand-alone unit containing a cathode ray picture tube. So, TV tuners were originally integral parts embedded in a single-purpose device.

Presently, however, state-of-the-art consumer electronic devices use TV tuners that are not a built-in part of a television set. The tuner is a separate element that is connected to a cathode ray picture tube at some point, but the tuner is not an integral part of the monitor. For example, TV tuners may be fabricated on circuit boards and then installed in personal computer (PC) systems, thereby allowing the PC to function as a television set. These tuners convert a radio frequency television signal into a baseband (or low frequency) video signal which can then be passed on to other elements in the PC for video processing applications.

The circuit component that performs the RF-to-IF conversion typically comprises one or two integrated circuits and numerous discrete elements—inductors, capacitors and/or transistors. The IF-to-baseband conversion typically includes another integrated circuit, several filter elements, such as ceramic filters and SAW filters, a series of tuning and control elements, such as resistors and potentiometers, variable inductors and/or capacitors, and some other additional external components. Thus, the complexity of the tuner is fairly high and typically there may be between 100 and 200 elements on a circuit board. Furthermore, state-of-the-art TV tuners still require that each tuner be aligned by manual tuning before leaving the factory. This manual tuning is one of the most expensive costs associated with the manufacturing process and an important factor in the cost of tuners.

Broadcast television tuners of the past have gone through an evolution over a period of more than 60 years. The earliest tuners utilized vacuum tube technology and required that the minimum number of vacuum tubes possible be used due to their cost, power consumption and dimensions. Therefore, passive components, such as resistors, capacitors, inductors and transformers, were used as much as possible in most designs. This style of design continued until about 1960 when TV tuner components, particularly vacuum tubes, began to be replaced by bipolar and MOS transistors. However, the active device count still defined the cost and size limits of TV tuners and active device count minimization continued.

In the early 1970's the integrated circuit became viable as an element in the television tuner and the design techniques were dramatically changed. Many functions of the tuner utilizing only one tube or transistor were being replaced with 4 to 20 individual transistors which could perform the same function with better precision, less space, less power, less heat generation and lower cost. The introduction of the integrated circuit was gradual, first encompassing only low frequency elements and then eventually high frequency active elements. Nonetheless, many passive elements external to the integrated circuits remained in TV tuner designs.

One advance, the SAW (surface acoustic wave) filter, made a significant change in that several manually tuned inductors and capacitors could be removed from the tuners and receive-filtering performance could be improved within a much smaller space and at reduced cost. However, the SAW filter, which is fabricated on a ceramic substrate, cannot be integrated on a silicon wafer with the rest of the active circuitry and must therefore remain a discrete component in the final design. The trend of the 1980's was to miniaturize all of the passive components and simplify their associated manual tuning at the factory. In recent years, TV tuners have been reduced in size from requiring fairly large enclosures, about 2″×5″×1″, to much smaller enclosures, about ½″×2″×⅜″. There is a high premium placed on small size because TV tuners are being used in smaller and smaller computers, television sets and VCRs. As the equipment in which tuners are used becomes smaller, the size of the TV tuner must decrease also.

As the size of the tuner goes down, and as tuners are used in a wider variety of devices, cost becomes more critical and must be reduced as much as possible in order not to represent a large portion of the final product cost. When a tuner is used in a television set, the tuner size is less critical because the television set inherently has a large mass. But when a tuner is used in other electronic equipment, space becomes a premium and the footprint of the tuner becomes critical.

Accordingly, it is one object of the invention to provide a TV tuner which has a relatively low cost and a small footprint for use on a printed circuit board.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a TV tuner that meets or exceeds the performance of state-of-the-art TV tuners while at the same time reducing the number of external components needed, thereby decreasing the complexity of the printed circuit board and the amount of circuit board area needed by the TV tuner.

It is the further object of the present invention to allow for computer control of the TV tuner by a serial bus so that the TV tuner may be controlled by a microcontroller imbedded in the television set, personal computer, or other video device.

It is the further object of the present invention to provide a TV tuner with computer-controlled output impedance characteristics to accommodate different load specifications.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

These and other problems have been solved by a television tuner that receives a broad band of RF signals and converts a desired RF television channel to an IF signal having a picture carrier at 45.75 MHz. To accomplish this, an architecture was chosen to perform an up-conversion of the RF input signal to a higher internal frequency, which allows the present invention to have minimal filtering on the input stages of the receiver. The present invention is therefore able to operate without variable-tuned input filtering. This eliminates the need for precisely controlled variable tuned filters which must be mechanically aligned during manufacture and are subject to variation in performance due to age, temperature, humidity, vibration and power supply performance. This was a critical drawback of previous tuners that had to be eliminated because it is a source of tremendous error and distortion, as well as complexity.

The present invention allows a wide band of frequencies to enter the front end of the tuner circuit without removing frequencies in an input band pass tracking filter. An input filter allows RF signals, typically in the range from 55-806 MHz, to enter the circuit while rejecting high frequency signals above the television band. The input signal then passes through a low noise amplifier that controls the input signal level. Following the input filter and amplifier, the RF signal is converted to an IF signal in a dual mixer conversion circuit. The conversion circuit generally up-converts the RF to a first IF signal and then down-converts the first IF signal to a second IF signal having a 45.75 MHz picture carrier.

It is advantageous to have the up-conversion performed on-chip to avoid drive capability problems associated with high frequency signals and noise coupling problems resulting from integrated circuit external interconnections. Following the up-conversion, a first IF band pass filter performs coarse channel selection. The present invention next performs a down-conversion on the output of the first IF filter. The down-conversion may be accomplished by an image rejection mixing scheme that provides for a higher level of image rejection than that provided solely by the first IF filter. The use of an image rejection mixer for down-converting the first IF signal is optional depending upon the characteristics of the first IF filter and its ability to reject unwanted signals.

The present invention advantageously utilizes much less board space than previous designs (on the order of 5% to 10% of the prior art designs) and has the potential to dissipate less power. The present invention also advantageously operates on a single voltage level, as opposed to two or three levels for previous designs.

A further technical advantage of the present invention is that the need for a metal enclosure is reduced. Integration, by itself, allows for sufficient shielding to meet interference standards. The monolithic television (MTV) tuner embodied in the present invention is intended to replace the TV tuner modules presently used in most broadcast television receiver devices. The level of integration of the present invention dramatically reduces the cost of the basic TV tuner and enhances its manufacturability and reliability. The TV tuner of the present invention is controlled externally by a computer or controller via a digital serial bus interface, such as the (I²C) bus defined by Philips Electronics N.V. A preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an antenna input capable of being connected directly to a standard coaxial cable, thereby allowing both antenna and cable television applications.

A preferred embodiment of the present invention is designed to operate on frequencies used for both over-the-air broadcasts and cable television with National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) encoded video. Receiver sensitivity is set to be limited by the antenna noise temperature for VHF systems. The present invention also employs a wide-range automatic gain control (AGC).

For analog television signals, the baseband video output of the present invention is leveled, or has minimal variation in video amplitude with respect to antenna RF signal level. Audio output is broadband composite to allow connection to an external MTS decoder.

Control is accomplished via a digital service bus interface. The bias and control circuits in a preferred embodiment of the present invention contain internal registers which can be updated via the control bus in response to changes in operating frequency, transmission standards such as NTSC, PAL, SECAM and MTS, power, and test modes. Status of the bias and control circuits can be checked via a status register accessible through the I²C bus interface. Status data include AFC error, channel lock and received signal strength indicator.

The operating frequency of the present invention is referenced to an external crystal or reference frequency generator. A minimum of external components are used in one embodiment of the present invention to reduce the need for tuning of any components.

The present invention may be implemented in Bipolar, BiCMOS, or CMOS processes. However, a preferred embodiment of the present invention employs a BiCMOS process to reduce the difficulty in developing the design by allowing maximum flexibility.

In the preferred embodiment, the present invention would be constructed entirely on a single integrated substrate. However, design, manufacturing and cost considerations may require that certain elements be embodied as discrete off-chip devices.

The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the integrated television tuner that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the monolithic television tuner will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and the specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a detailed block diagram of the present invention;

FIG. 2 shows the multiple phase lock loop circuit for creating the LO reference signals;

FIG. 3 is a detailed diagram of the phase lock loop circuit; and

FIG. 4 is a detailed block diagram of a state-of-the-art television tuner found in the prior art.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Turning now to FIG. 1, the preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown as broadband television tuner 10. The operation of the IF signal processing components of tuner 10 is further disclosed in the above-referenced co-pending applications entitled DUAL MODE TUNER FOR CO-EXISTING DIGITAL AND ANALOG TELEVISION SIGNALS, and INTERFERENCE-FREE BROADBAND TELEVISION TUNER and BROADBAND FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER. RF signals are received in tuner 10 through input filter 101 which has a high dynamic range and good linearity across the television frequency band. Filter 101 operates to attenuate signals above an input cutoff frequency corresponding to the highest frequency in the television band. As distinguished from the prior art, filter 10 is not a narrow band pass tracking filter which attenuates most television channels from the received signal. Instead, filter 101 passes all channels in the television band.

Following filter 101, the RF signal passes through delayed AGC amplifier 102 which operates in conjunction with IF AGC amplifier 116 to control the overall signal level in tuner 10. Amplifier 102 may be a variable gain amplifier or a variable gain attenuator in series with a fixed gain amplifier. The preferred embodiment of amplifier 102 comprises a low noise amplifier (LNA) with a high linearity that is sufficient to pass the entire television band. Amplifier 102 functions to control high input signal levels in the received RF signal. Tuner 10 is capable of receiving signals from a variety of sources, such as an antenna or a cable television line. The cable television signals may have a signal strength of +15 dBmV and may comprise 100 cable channels. Amplifier 102 regulates the varying signal levels in this broad band of received channels.

Mixer 103 receives inputs from amplifier 102 and local oscillator 104. A first IF signal is generated in mixer 103 and provided to first IF filter 109. Filter 109 is a band pass filter that provides coarse channel selection in tuner 10. As a matter of design choice, filter 109 may be constructed on the same integrated circuit substrate as mixers 103 and 110 or filter 109 may be a discrete off-chip device. Filter 109 selects a narrow band of channels or even a single channel from the television signals in the first IF signal.

Following IF filter 109, mixer 110 mixes the first IF signal with a second local oscillator signal from local oscillator 111 to generate a second IF signal. Mixer 110 may be an image rejection mixer, if necessary, to reject unwanted image signals. The characteristics of first IF filter 109 will determine whether mixer 110 must provide image rejection. If the image frequencies of the desired channel are adequately attenuated by first IF filter 109, then mixer 110 may be a standard mixer.

Local oscillators 104 and 111 are controlled by tuning phase locked loop circuit 105. In the preferred embodiment, the local oscillator frequencies are selected so that the picture carrier of a particular channel in the RF signal will appear at 45.75 MHz in the second IF signal. However, it will be understood that the present invention is not limited to specific IF or LO frequencies. Tuning PLL circuit 105 receives reference signals from reference oscillator 106 which is driven by 5.25 MHz crystal 107. I²C 108 provides control inputs and monitors the status of tuner 10 and tuning PLL circuit 105.

In operation, the front end of tuner 10 receives the entire television band through filter 101 and amplifier 102. Following mixer 103, the RF input is converted so that a selected channel in the RF signal appears at a first IF frequency that is selected to pass through filter 109. The first IF frequency is then converted to a second IF frequency of 45.75 MHz at the output of mixer 110. The frequencies of the first and second local oscillator signals will vary depending upon the specific channel in the RF signal that is desired. In the preferred embodiment, the first local oscillator frequency is selected so that mixer 103 performs an up-conversion of the RF signal. Following filter 109, the first IF signal is then down-converted to 45.75 MHz in mixer 110.

Following mixer 110, the second IF signal is further processed by either digital or analog circuits. Second IF filter 113 may be constructed on the same integrated circuit substrate as the other elements of tuner circuit 10 or it may be a discrete off-chip device. When second IF filter 113 is a discrete off-chip element, then amplifiers 112 and 114 are used to provide proper impedances for filter 113 as well as to provide gain to maintain system noise performance. After amplifier 114, the signal either remains on-chip for further processing or it can be provided to an off-chip device, such as a decoder (not shown), through buffer 115.

If the signal is processed on-chip, then the second IF signal passes through IF AGC amplifier 116 which operates in conjunction with delayed AGC amplifier 102 to control the overall tuner gain. One output of amplifier 116 is provided to coherent oscillator (COHO) circuit 118. COHO 118 generates two reference signals, one that is in-phase with the 45.75 MHz second IF signal and another that is 90° out-of-phase with the second IF signal. A third output from COHO 118 is provided to frequency discriminator 120 which monitors the frequency of the signal that is processed in COHO 118 and generates a tuning error signal for I²C control 108.

AGC amplifier 116 also drives video detector 121 and audio detector 122. Video detector 121 mixes the second IF signal with the in-phase reference signal from COHO 118. AGC circuit 127 monitors the output of video detector 121 and adjusts the gain of amplifiers 102 and 116 in order to control the overall tuner gain. If an off-chip decoder is connected to tuner 10 through buffer 115, then the decoder can control the signal gain by providing an input directly to AGC 127.

The signal from video detector 121 passes through sound trap 124 which removes the audio carrier from the signal. The output of sound trap 124 drives noise clipping circuit 125 which removes large noise spikes which may be present in the video signal. Finally, a composite video signal is provided through buffer 126.

Audio detector 122 mixes the second IF signal with the 90° out-of-phase or quadrature signal from COHO 118. The output signal from audio detector 122 will contain an audio carrier at 4.5 MHz and a chroma carrier at approximately 3.6 MHz. Chroma reject filter 129 is a high pass filter that removes the picture and chroma carriers from the output of audio detector 122. The remaining audio signal is then mixed with a 5.25 MHz reference signal in mixer 130 to create a 750 KHz output. Sound filter 131 is a band pass filter that further filters the 750 KHz audio signal. FM demodulator 132 is a delay line type of demodulator which creates a standard composite audio signal from the 750 KHz FM audio signal. This audio signal is then provided as the composite audio signal through buffer 133.

In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, a plurality of tuners 10 are placed on a single integrated substrate and a single RF input drives the plurality of tuners 10. This allows a single integrated device to concurrently provide different television channels through the output of each tuner. This embodiment could be used to drive a “picture-in-a-picture” display or any other display format that requires multiple tuners. In another alternative embodiment, the plurality of tuners on a single substrate are coupled to independent RF signal sources and provide independent television signals.

The present invention can be used in applications other than a conventional television receiver. Tuner 10 can be embodied as part of an “add-in” board or a component of a personal computer. This allows a user to receive and view television signals on the computer's display. The user could also record or capture television programs directly to the computer's memory. The computer could then be used to replay recorded programs or to manipulate or alter selected frames or segments of the captured video and audio signal, or the computer may capture data which may have been imbedded in the video signal.

Furthermore, the present invention will be understood to not be limited to an integrated substrate. Prior art tuners require the use of a narrow-band, tunable filter to eliminate undesired channels from the receiver. The present invention is distinguished over the prior art by allowing all frequencies in a desired band to enter the front-end of tuner 10 and by removing undesired channels through filtering of the IF signal.

FIG. 2 shows multiple phase locked loop (PLL) circuits which are used to drive voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs) in order to generate the LO signals for a dual mixer conversion circuit.

Conversion circuit 20 has dual mixers 202 and 204 which receive LO signals LO1 and LO2 on lines A and B from local oscillator circuit 20.

In a television system, signals representing individual channels are assigned to specific frequencies in a defined frequency band. For example, in the United States, television signals are generally transmitted in a band from 55 MHz to 806 MHz. The received RF signals pass through a front-end filter 200. In the prior art, filter 200 usually was a bandpass tracking filter that allowed only a narrow range of frequencies to pass. In the preferred embodiment, filter 200 is a low pass filter that is designed to remove all frequencies above an input cutoff frequency. The input cutoff frequency is chosen to be higher than the frequencies of the channels in the television band. The output of filter 200 then passes through amplifier 201 to adjust the signal level that is provided to mixer 202. When conversion circuit 20 is used in a receiver circuit, amplifier 201 may be an automatic gain control (AGC) amplifier that is adjusted to maintain an overall receiver gain. Following amplifier 201, the RF signal is provided to mixer 202 where it is mixed with a local oscillator signal LO1 from local oscillator circuit 30. The output of mixer 202 is first intermediate frequency signal IF1. Typically, the frequency of LO1 is variable and will be selected based upon the channel in the RF signal that is being tuned. LO1 is selected so that mixing of LO1 and RF in mixer 202 generates an IF1 signal either at a specified frequency or within a narrow range of frequencies.

Following mixer 202, IF filter 203 is a band pass filter that is used to remove unwanted frequencies and spurious signals from the IF1 signal. The band of frequencies that are passed by filter 203 is a matter of design choice depending upon the IF1 frequency selected in each particular conversion circuit. In the preferred embodiment, IF filter 203 is centered at 1090 MHz and has a 14 MHz pass band. This allows the selected IF1 frequency to vary within 1083-1097 MHz. Mixer 204 receives both the filtered IF1 signal from filter 203 and a second local oscillator signal (LO2) from oscillator circuit 20. These signals are mixed to generate a second intermediate frequency (IF2) at the output of mixer 204. In the preferred embodiment, mixer 204 is an image rejection mixer that rejects image frequencies from the IF2 signal. LO2 may be a variable or fixed frequency depending upon whether IF1 is at a fixed frequency or if it varies over a range of frequencies. In either case, the frequency of LO2 is selected to generate a fixed frequency IF2 signal. The IF2 signal is provided through amplifier/buffer 205 to additional processing circuitry (not shown) to generate either digital or analog television signals. In the preferred embodiment, the frequency of IF2 is selected to be 45.75 MHz.

An additional consideration when using a dual mixer conversion circuit in a television receiver is the relationship of the picture, chroma and audio carriers in an analog television signal. This is discussed in the above-referenced applications.

For analog television signals, it is desirable to choose a combination of LO1 and LO2 so that the relationship between the picture, chroma and audio carriers is always the same in the IF2 signal. When the IF2 signal is further processed after amplifier 205, it may be a consideration that the analog processing circuits are able to find the chroma and audio carriers in the same place, either above or below the picture carrier, for every channel. In the preferred embodiment, LO1 and LO2 are selected so that the IF2 spectral relationship is the inverse of the RF spectral relationship. That is, the picture carrier is converted from an RF signal of 55-806 MHz to an IF2 signal at 45.75 MHz with the audio carrier 4.5 MHz below the picture carrier and the chroma carrier 3.6 MHz below the picture carrier.

The audio and chroma carriers are below the picture carrier frequency. This is accomplished by using the lower LO2 frequency (1041 MHz) with the higher LO1 frequency (1160.25 MHz) or using the higher LO2 frequency (1137.5 MHz) with the lower LO1 frequency (1018.5 MHz).

LO1 is generated in local oscillator circuit 30 (FIG. 3) by PLL1 31 and LO2 is generated by PLL2 32. PLL3 33 and PLL4 34 provide reference inputs to PLL2 32. I²C 320 controls local oscillator circuit 30 and causes PLL1-4 31-34 to select the correct LO1 and LO2 frequencies. Local oscillator circuit 30 receives reference signals from oscillator 222 and reference frequency generator 223. Oscillator 222 provides a 5.25 MHz output based on crystal 221. Frequency generator 223 divides the 5.25 MHz signal from oscillator 222 to generate additional reference signals at other frequencies.

Local oscillator circuit 30 and PLL1-4 31-34 are shown in greater detail in FIG. 3. PLL1 31 provides the first local oscillator signal (LO1) to mixer 302. PLL2 32, PLL3 33 and PLL4 34 cooperate to provide the second local oscillator signal (LO2) to mixer 204. PLL1 31 receives a 5.25 MHz reference signal at phase comparator 305. The output of phase comparator 905 feeds loop amplifier 302 which, in turn, provides the input for VCO1 901. There are two outputs from VCO1 301. One output provides the LO1 signal to mixer 202 over line A. The other output goes into a divider network comprised of ÷8/÷9 circuit 303 and ÷N circuit 304. Divider circuits 303 and 304 divide the output of VCO1 301 down to a signal having a frequency of 5.25 MHz. This divided-down signal is compared with the 5.25 MHz reference signal in phase comparator 305 to complete the phase locked loop.

The output of VCO1 31 is variable between 1145-1900 MHz on the high side and 572-1033 MHz on the low side. Frequencies below 572 MHz are not used in LO1 to minimize the introduction of interference frequencies into the conversion circuit. LO1 is chosen from within these ranges so that IF1 signal is within the 1090 MHz±7 MHz pass band of filter 303. The 5.25 MHz reference signal creates an output stepsize of 5.25 MHz in LO1 which is utilized for coarse tuning in conversion circuit 10. In the preferred embodiment, PLL1 31 has a bandwidth on the order of 500 KHz. A wide bandwidth is preferable to get good close-in phase noise characteristics.

Fine tuning (for example to the exact desired channel) is accomplished by LO2 which is produced by the operation of 3 phase lock loops PLL2 32, PLL3 33 and PLL4 34. PLL4 34 has the same basic configuration as PLL1 31. It has reference signal of 2.625 MHz which is input to phase comparator 335. The output of phase comparator 335 drives loop amplifier 332 which in turn drives VCO4 331. The output of VCO4 331 has frequency range of 220-440 MHz with a 2.625 MHz stepsize and is provided to two divider circuits. One output of VCO4 331 goes to a divider network comprised of ÷6/÷7 circuit 933 and ÷N circuit 334. The effect of divider network 333 and 334 is to divide the output signal of VCO4 330 back down to 2.625 MHz. This signal is then compared with the 2.625 MHz reference signal in phase comparator 335 to complete the phase locked loop. The other output of VCO4 331 is provided to ÷42 circuit 330. The output of divider 330 is a signal with a frequency range of 5.25-10.5 MHz and having a 62.5 KHz stepsize. The output of divider 330 serves as a reference signal for PLL2 32.

In PLL3 33, a 5.25 MHz reference signal is input to phase detector 322. Phase detector 322 drives loop amplifier 321 which in turn drives VCO3 320. The output of VCO3 33 is divided back down to 5.25 MHz by ÷N circuit 323 and then fed back into phase detector 322 to complete the loop. The output of VCO3 33 is selectable between 1128.75 MHz and 1034.25 MHz. The selection between these two frequencies determines whether LO2 is on the high side or the low side.

In PLL2 32, the signal from PLL4 34 is received by phase comparator 314 which in turn drives loop amplifier 313. The output of loop amplifier 313 controls VCO2 310. VCO2 310 provides the LO2 signal for mixer 204 over line B. The LO2 signal varies between 1134.75-1140.125 MHz on the high side and 1039.875-1045.125 MHz on the low side. Another output from VCO2 310 passes through buffer amplifier 311 and then drives image reject mixer 312. Mixer 312 receives its other input from PLL3 33. Since the signal from PLL3 33 is near the frequency of the LO2 signal in VCO2 310, it is important that the reverse isolation between mixer 312 and VCO2 310 is good to prevent the PLL3 33 signal from passing into the LO2 output of VCO2 310. The output of mixer 312 is provided to phase comparator 314 to complete the loop in PLL2 32.

In the preferred embodiment, the loop bandwidths of PLL2 32, PLL3 33 and PLL4 34 are all wide to provide good overall close-in phase noise. PLL2 32 and PLL3 33 have bandwidths of approximately 300-500 KHz. The bandwidth of PLL4 34 is approximately 200-300 KHz. These bandwidths give phase noise at 100 KHz that is satisfactory for most applications.

The architecture of the frequency synthesis system provides for several benefits with respect to the overall operation of the tuner system. These benefits are in providing a lower distortion detection means, immunity to injection locking, a frequency synthesis system that allows for wide bandwidth PLLs while preserving a small step size, and providing for a choice of reference frequency that is out-of-band and that can be directly used to down-convert the audio portion of the desired channel.

A wide loop bandwidth for LO1 and LO2 is preferred because this yields good close-in phase noise characteristics for these two signals. This is important because it allows the COHO to have a narrow loop bandwidth, which yields a lower distortion video detector. For example, certain content within the video signal, such as the horizontal sync signal at approximately 15 KHz, would be partially tracked by a wide band COHO leading to distortion in the detection process. If the bandwidth of the COHO is less than 15 KHz, then the COHO would not partially track the horizontal sync signal leading to a near distortion free detection process. In the prior art, the oscillators used for conversion to IF typically do not have good close-in phase noise characteristics, requiring a COHO with wide loop bandwidth to track out this noise. It is thus typical in the prior art to employ wider bandwidth COHO's, which have the undesirable trait of partially tracking strong signals in the video signal, such as horizontal sync, leading to distortion in the detection process.

It is generally known that the immunity of a phase locked loop to injection locking is determined by the product of the quality factor, Q, of the VCO and the loop bandwidth. For the case of a VCO implemented on a single chip, it is typically difficult to realize high Qs. This conflicts with the integrated circuit implementation of a RF system with PLLs in that the other circuitry sharing the common substrate is a source of spurs that then may be passed on to the PLLs output or lead to injection locking by the PLL. Since a high Q VCO is not feasible without external components, the benefit of a wide loop bandwidth of the PLL is more pronounced.

It is typical in the prior art to make the PLL reference frequency equal to the step size of the frequency synthesizer system. It is further typical of the prior art to employ a single loop frequency synthesizer to create the first LO in tuners. For example, if the step size of the system was 62.5 KHz, then the reference frequency to the single loop PLL would also be 62.5 KHz. It is highly desirable to suppress harmonics and spurs of the reference that are in band to a level below the noise floor of the VCO, requiring the loop bandwidth of the PLL to be less than the reference frequency. In the case where the reference is the step size, the loop bandwidth is rather narrow. Consequently, is a clear advantage of the frequency synthesizer described herein to provide both a small step size as well as a wide bandwidth for LO1 and LO2 providing for enhanced immunity to spurs as well as providing for a narrow bandwidth COHO.

A further advantage of the frequency synthesis system is that it can use a reference that is above the baseband frequencies. An example of such a frequency is 5.25 MHz. It should be noted that this 5.25 MHz reference is above the baseband signal of the system, thus avoiding in-band noise produced by the reference and its harmonics. A further advantage of this choice of reference is that it can be used directly by the audio subsystem to down convert the frequency modulated audio signal to a lower frequency usable by the sound filter and FM demodulator in the audio subsystem. This eliminates the need for a PLL to create this frequency.

Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 

1. A receiver comprising: a first mixer having a first input for receiving a radio frequency (RF) signal and a second input coupled to a first local oscillator signal having a first operating frequency; a second mixer having a first input in communication with an output of said first mixer and a second input coupled to a second local oscillator signal having a second operating frequency; and a digital interface providing control of the operating frequency of at least one of said first and second local oscillator signals, wherein said first mixer, said second mixer, and said digital interface are located on a single integrated circuit substrate.
 2. The receiver of claim 1 further comprising: a first filter having an input coupled to the output of said first mixer and an output coupled to the first input of said second mixer; and a second filter having an input coupled with an output of said second mixer.
 3. The receiver of claim 1 further comprising: a coherent oscillator circuit having an input in communication with an output of said second filter, and a frequency discriminator having a first input in communication with an output of said coherent oscillator circuit, wherein said frequency discriminator generates a tuning error signal for said digital interface in response to the output of said coherent oscillator circuit.
 4. The receiver of claim 1 wherein said receiver operates at a single voltage level.
 5. The receiver of claim 1 further comprises a first amplifier providing input to said first mixer and a second amplifier having an input in communication with an output of said second filter, wherein said first and second amplifiers act in conjunction to control the overall signal level of said receiver.
 6. The receiver of claim 2 wherein said second mixer operates as an image rejection mixer when an output signal of said first filter is not attenuated to a desired frequency.
 7. The receiver of claim 1 wherein said first operating frequency is selected such that said first mixer performs an up-conversion of said received RF signal.
 8. The receiver of claim 7 wherein said second operating frequency is selected such that said second mixer performs a down-conversion of a first intermediate frequency (IF) signal.
 9. The receiver of claim 1 wherein said first operating frequency and said second operating frequency are selected such that said second mixer generates a second IF signal with a fixed frequency.
 10. The receiver of claim 1 further comprising an antenna providing an input signal for said first mixer, said antenna capable of being connected directly to a standard coaxial cable, thereby allowing both antenna and cable television applications.
 11. The receiver of claim 1, wherein said receiver is included in a personal computer and is operative to receive and display television signals.
 12. The receiver of claim 1, wherein said RF signal comprises a plurality of channels.
 13. A method for receiving signals comprising: converting a received RF signal to first intermediate frequency (IF) signal by mixing said signal and a first local oscillator signal having a first operating frequency; performing selection of said first IF signal by removing channels having frequencies outside of a desired band; converting said first IF signal to a second IF signal by mixing said filtered first IF signal with a second local oscillator signal having a second operating frequency; and controlling of the operating frequency of at least one of said first local oscillator signal and said second local oscillator signal by applying a digital signal.
 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising: performing fine selection of said second IF signal such that only one channel remains in said second IF signal; and processing said filtered second IF signal with a coherent oscillator circuit.
 15. The method of claim 14 further comprising: generating a tuning error signal, for said control of the operating frequency of the one of said first local oscillator signal and said second local oscillator, in response said processed second IF signal provided by said coherent oscillator circuit.
 16. The method of claim 13 wherein said method is performed at a single voltage level.
 17. The method of claim 13 further comprising: selecting said first operating frequency such that conversion of said received RF signal is accomplished by an up-conversion mixing of said received RF signal with said first local oscillator signal.
 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising: selecting said second operating frequency such that conversion of said first IF signal is accomplished by an down-conversion mixing of said first IF signal with said second local oscillator signal.
 19. A receiver comprising: a first amplifier receiving an RF signal, wherein said first amplifier is a low-noise amplifier; a first mixer having a first input coupled to said first amplifier and a second input coupled to a first local oscillator signal having a first operating frequency, wherein said first mixer is in communication with a first filter; a second mixer having a first input coupled to an output of said first filter and a second input coupled to a second local oscillator signal having a second operating frequency, wherein said second mixer is in communication with a second amplifier; a second filter having an input coupled to an output of said second amplifier; and a third amplifier in communication with said second filter; wherein the second filter is external to a single integrated circuit substrate on which at least said first amplifier and said first and second mixers are located.
 20. The receiver of claim 19 further comprises: a coherent oscillator circuit in communication with an output of said second amplifier, wherein said coherent oscillator circuit is located on said single integrated circuit substrate.
 21. The receiver of claim 19 further comprises: a decoder external to said single integrated circuit substrate, wherein said decoder is in communication with said second amplifier.
 22. The receiver of claim 19 wherein said receiver is operable in a television.
 23. A television receiver comprising: a first amplifier receiving an RF signal; a first mixer having a first input coupled to said first amplifier and a second input coupled to a first local oscillator signal having a first operating frequency; a second mixer having a first input in communication with an output of said first mixer and a second input coupled to a second local oscillator signal having a second operating frequency; a second amplifier receiving an output signal from said second mixer, wherein said second amplifier is an automatic gain control amplifier; and a coherent oscillator circuit having an input coupled to said second amplifier and an output coupled to an automatic gain control circuit in communication with a video detector, wherein said automatic gain control circuit is capable of controlling a gain of said television receiver by adjusting gains of said first and second amplifiers.
 24. The television receiver of claim 23 wherein said gain adjustment is made based on an output signal from said video detector.
 25. The television receiver of claim 23 wherein at least two of said low noise amplifier, said first and second mixers, said first and second filters, said automatic gain control amplifier, said coherent oscillator circuit, said video detector, and said automatic gain control circuit are located on a single integrated circuit substrate.
 26. The television receiver of claim 23 further comprises: a decoder external to said single integrated circuit and in communication with said automatic gain control circuit, wherein said gain adjustment is made based on an output signal from said decoder.
 27. A receiver comprising: a receiver input coupled to an RF signal source; a first local oscillator signal having a first operating frequency; a first mixer having a first input coupled to said receiver input and a second input coupled to said first local oscillator signal; a second mixer having a first input coupled to an output of said first mixer and a second input coupled to a second local oscillator signal having a second operating frequency, wherein a first and a second phase locked loop provide local oscillator signal inputs for a third phase locked loop to produce said second local oscillator signal; and a frequency synthesizer for generating local oscillator frequency inputs to said first and second phase locked loops, wherein loop bandwidths of said first and second phase locked loops are independent of a step size of said frequency synthesizer.
 28. The receiver of claim 27 wherein said first and third phase locked loops have bandwidths of 300-500 KHz and said second phase locked loop has bandwidth of 200-300 KHz.
 29. The receiver of claim 27 wherein said second and third phase locked loops have bandwidths of 300-500 KHz and said first phase locked loop has bandwidth of 200-300 KHz. 